Nervous System

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Nervous System Overview:

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • Brain

    • Cerebrum: Divided into left/right hemispheres; governs higher functions (speech, memory, decision-making) [B-3][B-8].

      • Lobes:

        • Frontal: Executive function, motor control, language (Broca’s area) [B-3][B-7].

        • Parietal: Sensory integration, spatial navigation [B-3].

        • Temporal: Auditory processing, memory (hippocampus) [B-8][S-3].

        • Occipital: Visual processing [B-3].

      • Basal Ganglia: Motor coordination, habit formation (caudate nucleus, putamen) [B-2][S-5].

      • Limbic System: Emotions, memory (amygdala, hippocampus) [B-6][S-2].

      • Cerebellum: Balance, fine motor control [B-3][B-9].

      • Brainstem: Autonomic functions (respiration, heartbeat) [B-3][B-9].

        • Components: Medulla, pons, midbrain (reticular activating system for arousal) [B-2][B-8].

    • Diencephalon:

      • Thalamus: Sensory relay station [B-8].

      • Hypothalamus: Homeostasis (hunger, temperature) [B-6][B-8].

      • Pituitary Gland: Hormone regulation [B-7].

  • Spinal Cord

    • Gray Matter: Neuron cell bodies (reflex arcs) [B-1].

    • White Matter: Myelinated axons (sensory/motor tracts) [B-1][B-10].

    • Meninges: Protective layers (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) [B-3][A-6].

    • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Circulates in ventricles, cushions CNS [B-3][B-6].

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

  • Somatic Nerves: Voluntary muscle control [B-2].

  • Autonomic Nerves: Regulates involuntary functions [B-9].

    • Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response [B-5].

    • Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" [B-9].

  • Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs (e.g., optic, vagus) [B-2][B-6].

  • Peripheral Nerves: Sensory/motor fibers (e.g., sciatic) [B-1].

Cellular Components

  • Neurons: Transmit electrical signals [B-8].

    • Types: Sensory, motor, interneurons [B-1].

  • Glial Cells: Support neurons [S-1][A-2].

    • Oligodendrocytes: Myelinate CNS axons [S-1][A-2].

    • Schwann Cells: Myelinate PNS axons [B-1].

    • Microglia: Immune defense [S-1][A-5].

    • Astrocytes: Blood-brain barrier maintenance [A-2][A-7].

Sensory Organs

  • Eyes: Optic nerve → thalamus → visual cortex [B-10].

  • Ears: Auditory-vestibular nerve → cochlear nuclei [B-10].

  • Taste/Smell: Cranial nerves (VII, IX, X) [B-2].

  • Skin: Mechanoreceptors → spinal cord → somatosensory cortex [B-1].

Key Pathways & Functions

  • Motor Pathways:

    • Direct (Corticospinal): Precise voluntary movements [B-1].

    • Indirect (Basal Ganglia/Cerebellum): Subconscious coordination [B-1][B-8].

  • Sensory Integration: Thalamus filters input to cortex [B-8].

  • Neuroplasticity: Adult neurogenesis (hippocampus) [A-1][S-3].

  • Glymphatic System: Waste clearance during sleep [A-9].

Pathologies & Natural Support

  • Neurodegenerative Diseases:

    • Alzheimer’s/Parkinson’s: Protein aggregates (β-amyloid, α-synuclein) [S-2][A-1].

    • Therapies: Near-infrared light (mitochondrial repair) [A-1], CBD (anti-inflammatory) [A-10].

  • Multiple Sclerosis: Demyelination (oligodendrocyte damage) [A-2][A-12].

  • Brain Tumors: Astrocytomas, meningiomas [A-5][A-6].

  • Detox: Hydration, sleep, antioxidants (folic acid) [A-8][A-9].

Summary: Comprehensive Guide to the Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Health Insights

Keywords used for research: nervous system, brain, cerebrum, basal ganglia, limbic system, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, reticular activating system, spinal cord, grey matter, white matter, cauda equina, reflex arcs, peripheral nerves, somatic, autonomic, cranial nerves, sciatic nerve, vagus nerve, sensory organs, eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin, proprioceptors, glial cells, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, meninges

The following Natural News articles may be useful for further research:

References

REFERENCES:

(Note: Most documents in this collection were archived via OCR. Expect some titles to be incomplete, and author names may show OCR errors from time to time. This is an unavoidable artifact of using archived knowledge.)

Science Papers:

  • [S-1] "Low-Abundance 32-Kilodalton Nuclear Protein Specifically Enriched in the Central Nervous System" by K.R. Shelton, J.G. Cunningham, E. Klann, R.E. Merchant, P.M. Egle, and J.W. Bigbee[] (Journal of Neuroscience Research 25287-294 (1990))

  • [S-2] "Alzheimer neurofibrillary change in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis" by T. I. Mandybur MD, A. S. Nagpaul MD, . Pappas MD, and W. J. Niklowitz PhD (Ann Neurol 1:103-107, 1977)

  • [S-3] "Differential Regulation of the Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor During Postnatal Development of the Rat Brain" by SOOKYONG KOH AND GERALD A. HIGGINS (S.K., G.A.H.) (Journal of Comparative Neurology 313~494-508 (1991))

  • [S-4] "Localization of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 Expression in the Developing and Adult Rat Brain: Analysis by In Situ Hybridization" by A.K. Brar and S.D. Chernausek[] (Journal of Neuroscience Research 39 103-1 14 (1993))

  • [S-5] "Distribution of Central Cholinergic Neurons in the Baboon (Papio papio). I. General Morphology" by K. SATOH H.C. FIBIGER (The Journal of Comparative Neurology 236 197-214 1985)

Books:

  • [B-1] "Anatomy and physiology" by Alford Elward Kendall

  • [B-2] "The brain a neuroscience primer" by Thompson Richard F

  • [B-3] "The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook" by Justin L Kaplan Barbara P Homeier-1

  • [B-4] "The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook" by Justin L Kaplan Barbara P Homeier

  • [B-5] "The brain mystery of matter and mind" by Fincher Jack 1930

  • [B-6] "Iridology The Science and Practice in the Healing Arts" by Bernard Jensen

  • [B-7] "Anti Aging Manual The Encyclopedia of Natural Health" by Joseph B Marion

  • [B-8] "Chi Nei Tsang and Microcurrent Therapy" by Mantak Chia

  • [B-9] "Biological psychology" by James W Kalat

  • [B-10] "Anatomy and Physiology" (author unknown)

Articles:

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