Reproductive System

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Male and Female Anatomy, Functions, & Environmental Threats

Male Reproductive System

1. Testes

  • Primary Function: Produce sperm (via seminiferous tubules) and testosterone (via Leydig cells) [B-2], [B-6].

  • Spermatogenesis: Takes ~74 days; ~200 million sperm/day in healthy males [B-2], [B-5].

  • Temperature Regulation: Maintained at 3.6°F below body temp via scrotal muscles [B-2], [S-4].

  • Pathological Risks:

    • Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) causes sterility [B-5].

    • Atrazine herbicide disrupts testosterone, causing feminization in frogs (applies to human endocrine risks) [A-2], [A-11].

2. Epididymis

  • Storage & Maturation: Sperm mature here for 2–4 weeks, gaining motility [B-2], [B-6].

  • Reabsorption: Unused sperm are recycled [B-2].

3. Vas Deferens

  • Transport: Muscular tube carrying sperm to urethra during ejaculation [B-2], [B-8].

  • Vasectomy: Cutting this tube sterilizes males without affecting testosterone [B-5].

4. Accessory Glands

  • Seminal Vesicles:

    • Secrete fructose-rich fluid (60% of semen volume) and prostaglandins (stimulate uterine contractions) [B-2], [B-6].

  • Prostate Gland:

    • Alkaline fluid neutralizes vaginal acidity; 15–30% of semen volume [B-2], [B-8].

    • BPH (Enlargement): Linked to hormonal disruptors like BPA/BPS [A-15].

  • Bulbourethral Glands:

    • Pre-ejaculate mucus lubricates urethra [B-2].

5. Penis

  • Erection: Spongy tissue fills with blood; parasympathetic stimulation [B-2], [B-7].

  • Glans & Prepuce: Highly sensitive; circumcision reduces UTI risk in infants [B-2].

Environmental Threats

  • EMF Radiation: Damages sperm motility/DNA; linked to infertility [A-6].

  • Endocrine Disruptors: Atrazine, BPA, phthalates lower testosterone [A-2], [A-15].

Female Reproductive System

1. Ovaries

  • Primary Function: Produce oocytes and estrogen/progesterone [B-3], [B-9].

  • Follicular Stages:

    • Previtellogenesis → Vitellogenesis: Oocytes accumulate yolk (observed in crustaceans [S-1]).

    • Ovulation: 1 egg/cycle; scarred as corpus luteum (secretes hormones) [B-3], [B-10].

  • Pathological Risks:

    • PCOS: Excess androgens; linked to BPA exposure [A-9], [A-15].

    • Chemicals: PFAS (forever chemicals) increase ovarian cancer risk [A-5].

2. Fallopian Tubes

  • Transport: Ciliated lining moves egg to uterus; fertilization site [B-3], [B-9].

  • Ectopic Pregnancy: Implantation here is life-threatening [B-9].

3. Uterus

  • Layers:

    • Endometrium: Sheds during menstruation; thickens for implantation [B-1], [B-3].

    • Myometrium: Contracts during labor [B-1].

  • Hormonal Control: Estrogen/progesterone regulate cycle [B-9], [A-9].

4. Cervix & Vagina

  • Cervical Mucus: Changes viscosity to block/sperm during cycle [B-3], [B-8].

  • Vaginal pH: Acidic (pH ~4.5) to prevent infections [B-3], [A-7].

5. External Genitalia (Vulva)

  • Clitoris: Homologous to penis; key for sexual arousal [B-3], [B-7].

  • Labia Majora/Minora: Protect vaginal opening [B-3].

Environmental Threats

  • EMFs: Disrupt ovarian follicle development; linked to miscarriage [A-6].

  • Plastics: BPA/BPS mimic estrogen, causing endometriosis/uterine fibroids [A-15].

Hormonal Regulation (Both Sexes)

  • LH/FSH: Stimulate gonads (testes/ovaries) [B-2], [B-9].

  • Testosterone: Maintains libido/muscle mass; disrupted by herbicides [A-2], [A-9].

  • Estrogen: Critical for menstrual cycle; xenoestrogens (e.g., atrazine) distort levels [A-2], [A-15].

Key Comparative Notes

  1. Gonad Development:

    • Free-Martin Effect: Female cattle twins to males develop intersex traits due to in-utero hormone sharing [S-3].

    • Müllerian Ducts: Persist in male fowls with estrogen exposure [S-2].

  2. Fertility Threats:

    • GMOs: Alter gut microbiome, potentially affecting hormone metabolism [A-14].

    • Pesticides: Endosulfan causes testicular atrophy/ovarian deterioration [A-12].

Actionable Recommendations

  1. Detoxification: Avoid BPA/BPS (use glass containers) [A-15].

  2. EMF Mitigation: Limit phone exposure to groin [A-6].

  3. Nutrition: Cruciferous veggies (broccoli) flush excess estrogen [A-9].

Summary: Comprehensive Guide to the Human Reproductive System: Male and Female Anatomy, Functions, and Environmental Threats

Keywords used for research: reproductive system, male, female, anatomy, organs, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, penis, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands, chart, diagram, bullet points, summary, overview, visual

The following Natural News articles may be useful for further research:

References

REFERENCES:

(Note: Most documents in this collection were archived via OCR. Expect some titles to be incomplete, and author names may show OCR errors from time to time. This is an unavoidable artifact of using archived knowledge.)

Science Papers:

  • [S-1] "The reproductive system of Hippolyte niezabitowskii (Decapoda, Caridea)" by M. Eugenia Manjón-Cabeza , Vanesa Cobos, José Enrique García Raso[] (Zoology 114 (2011))

  • [S-2] "THE RESPONSE OF A VESTIGIAL MULLERIAN DUCT TO THE FEMALE HORMONE AND THE PERSISTENCE OF SUCH RUDIMENTS IN THE MALE FOWL" by MARY JUHN AND R. G. GUSTAVSON (The Journal of Experimental Zoology)

  • [S-3] "THE FREE-MARTIN; A STUDY OF THE ACTION OF SEX HORMONES IN THE FOETAL LIFE OF CATTLE" by Frank R. Lillie (Journal of Experimental Zoology)

  • [S-4] "TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY OF THE DOG" by . Charnock Bradley, Tom Grahame H. H. Cole, P. T. Cupps (Reproduction in Domestic Animals Edited by H. H. Cole and P. T. Cupps Vol. I, xv+ 651 pages, $14.50; Vol. II, xi + 451 pages, $13.00, illustrated. Academic Press, New York. 1959)

  • [S-5] "Sexual Differentiation in the Terminal Ganglion of the Moth Manduca sexta: Role of Sex-Specific Neuronal Death" by JADWIGA M. GIERULTOWICZ, JAMES W. TRUMAN (Journal of Comparative Neurology 237-95 (1984))

Books:

  • [B-1] "Before we are born essentials of embryology and birth defects" by Moore Keith L

  • [B-2] "Connections for health" by Unknown-1

  • [B-3] "Outline Of Human Anatomy-2017" (author unknown)

  • [B-4] "Biological science" by Freeman Scott 1955

  • [B-5] "Animal agriculture the biology husbandry and use of domestic animals" by Cole H H Harold Harrison 1897

  • [B-6] "Coping with infertility clinically proven ways of managing the emotional roller coaster" by Jacobs Negar Nicole

  • [B-7] "Basic health education" by Irwin Vincent L

  • [B-8] "The art of natural family planning" (author unknown)

  • [B-9] "Biology Science For Life With Physiology" by Various

  • [B-10] "Functional anatomy of the mammal a guide to the dissection of the cat and an introduction to the" by Leach W James William James 1900

Articles:

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